Paternalism Slavery and White Slave Owners - 1626 Words

Introduction Writer Gerald Dworkin refers to paternalism as an interference with a person’s liberty of action that is justified particularly with reasons including the welfare, happiness, needs and interests of the person being oppressed. The aim of my essay is to investigate the slavery period in the Cape Colony during the nineteenth century with regard to the prevalence of paternalism between slaves and their masters. By means of suitable sources that justify this statement as well as proof of opposing opinions I will be able to discover if paternalism very well did exist during the slavery period in the nineteenth century and also why people tend to believe this. Slavery in the Cape Colony With colonialism came slavery and the†¦show more content†¦One principal proclaimed by anti-paternalist writer J.S Mill, â€Å"is that the sole end for which mankind are warranted, individually or collectively, in interfering with the liberty of action of any of their number, is self-protection. The only purpose for which power can be rightfully exercised over any member of a civilized community, against his will, is to prevent harm to others.† In Mill’s proclamation, not one simple principle is being emphasized, but rather a few intricate opinions regarding an individual’s own good. He is asserting that self-protection or the prevention of harm to others is sometimes sufficient and that someone’s own good is never a sufficient authorization for the exercise of domination. Slavery as Paternalistic The close contact between white masters and slaves in the Cape created immensely oppressive conditions as slaves were unable to develop their own slave culture to escape the lack of freedom and individuality that have been taken from them. Therefore, slavery swiftly developed in to a system for regulation and monitoring of slaves for social control by white owners. This form of social control is greatly viewed as the beginning of soft-paternalism in the Cape Colony. The Dutch East India Company (VOC) never enforced laws to prevent interracial relationships between white owners and slave women which was an extremely prevalent occurrence during the slave period in the Cape Colony. WhiteShow MoreRelatedEssay about Book Review 12 Years a Slave774 Words   |  4 PagesShaTaylor Moore March 11, 2013 History 1301 -02 Twelve Years a Slave: Solomon Northup Book Review Solomon Northup was a free African American man from Minerva, New York. In the novel Twelve Years a Salve, Northup composed a narrative about his life as a free man, and also his life as a slave. In the year of 1814 Northup was kidnapped and taken deep South, to the rugged life of slavery. After 12 years of being thrown into the slavery against his will, he rightfully regained his freedom in JanuaryRead MoreThe Tariff Of 1828 : The Main Cause Of The Nullification Crisis1233 Words   |  5 Pagesaction against slavery† (Foner 391). Particularly in the South, many slaveholders were worried that an expanding federal government that emphasized the interest of the northern manufacturers would eventually turn its sights towards the institution of slavery. Slavery was one of the primary dividing elements between the North and the South. The Old South was the largest and most powerful slave society the modern world has known. To describe the relationship between the master and slaves in the AmericanRead MoreOlaudah Equiano, Frederick Douglass And Harriet Jacobs Essay1622 Words   |  7 Pagesfirst nineteen slaves arrived in Virginia in 1619, an institution that would last more than two hundred years was created. These first slaves were treated more like how the indentured servants that came to the New World from England were. However, as time passed and the colonies grew larger, so did the institution of slavery. Even after the importing slaves internationally was banned in 1807 by Congress, the internal slave trade expanded exponentially. The growth and durability of slavery persisted untilRead MoreThe Narrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass1566 Words   |  7 Pagesstory of Frederick Douglass’ life from the time he was born into slavery, to the time he escaped to freedom in the north. When Douglass wro te this book, slavery was still legal in a large portion of the United States. After Douglass’ escape to freedom and his continuation of his education, he became an abolitionist through his works of literature and speeches. In â€Å"The Blessings of Slavery†, by George Fitzhugh he states that southern slaves for the most part are the freest and happiest people in the worldRead MoreThe Truth : Early American Assumptions Uncovered1572 Words   |  7 Pagesstory of Frederick Douglass’ life from the time he was born into slavery, to the time he escaped to freedom in the north. When Douglass wrote this book, slavery was still legal in a large portion of the United States. After Douglass’ escape to freedom and his continuation of his education, he became an abolitionist through his works of literature and speeches. In â€Å"The Blessings of Slavery†, by George Fitzhugh he states that southern slaves for the most part are the freest and happiest people i n the worldRead MoreSoul And Soul By Walter Johnson870 Words   |  4 Pagescenters on the internal slave business in New Orleans as well as the slave market as a place of portrayal and oblique connotations built around the commoditization of the physique of slaves .A significant interest in Soul by Soul relates to the slave pen, where slave bodies as commodities determined the identities of black and white persons. Slave transactions were typically about show and filled with meaning-making, which was itself characterized by cost and worth. The paternalism ideology employed theRead MoreSlavery And Its Effects On Society1361 Words   |  6 PagesSlaves felt inferior to their masters and completely subordinate as human beings. They did not like their circumstance of being another human’s property and understood that in order to survive, they had to accommodate what they could not change. The â€Å"Peculiar Institution† was named to lessen the harsh definition of slaver y, which was delusional vision on the part of antebellum Southern capitalist. Masters valued slaves for the labor they produced and the amount of capital each one could generateRead MoreAmerican Slavery in 1600s 2755 Words   |  11 PagesAmerican Slavery Slavery became an established activity in America by 1600’s. The slaves were mostly to provide free and cheap labor. Apart from America, slavery was practiced in other parts of the world throughout history, and in fact it can be traced back to the time of the ancient civilization. With industrial revolution especially with the rise of sugar plantations, the slaves were used to grow sugar in the periods from 1100. This intensified between 1400 and 1500 when Portugal and Spain venturedRead MoreSouthern Slavery And Its Impact On American Society986 Words   |  4 Pages During early 19th century, the entrenchment of Southern slavery, there was discussion between planters who benefitted from it and abolitionists who fought against it. Most Americans, especially those in Southern states, understood that slavery system could not help parting from their economic and social system. Southern slavery system brought big economical benefits. However, it negatively influenced Am erican society as a whole rather that positively. Southern economy wasRead MoreFrederick Douglass Teachings And Triumphs2401 Words   |  10 PagesTriumphs: Racism, which still thrives in areas across the United States, was an epidemic in the antebellum south. The basis of the system of slavery is that skin color determined worth. Conveniently, for America’s southern, white population, blacks were only fit to be sold and bought for unpaid service. The prejudice driven consensus among the southern white population was that a black person was nothing more than an ignorant brute. For the oppressors, this was enough to justify the atrocious act

Death of a Salesman A Play by Arthur Miller

Death of a Salesman was written by Arthur Miller in 1949. The play earned him success and a prominent place in theater history. It is a popular production for school, community, and professional theater companies and is considered one of the essential modern plays that everyone should see.​ For decades, students have been studying Death of a Salesman,  exploring various elements of the play, including  the character of Willy Loman,  themes of the play,  and  criticism of the play.  Dramatists Play Service  holds the rights to Death of a Salesman. Act One Setting: New York, the late 1940s Death of a Salesman  begins in the evening. Willy Loman, a salesman in his sixties, returns home from a failed business trip. He explains to his wife, Linda, that he was too distracted to drive and therefore headed home in defeat. (This wont earn him any brownie points with his boss.) Willys thirty-something sons, Happy and Biff, are staying in their old rooms. Happy works as an assistant to the assistant buyer at a retail store, but he dreams of bigger things. Biff was once a high school football star, but he could never embrace Willys concept of success. So he has just been drifting from one manual labor job to the next. Downstairs, Willy talks to himself. He hallucinates; he visualizes happier times from his past. During one of the memories, he recalls an encounter with his long-lost older brother, Ben. An adventurous entrepreneur, Ben declares: When I walked into the jungle, I was seventeen. When I walked out I was twenty-one. And by God, I was rich. Needless to say, Willy is envious of his brothers achievements. Later, when Biff confronts his mother about Willys unstable behavior, Linda explains that Willy has been secretly (and perhaps subconsciously) attempting suicide. Act One ends with the brothers cheering up their father by promising to meet with a big shot businessman, Bill Oliver. They plan to pitch a marketing idea -- a concept that fills Willy with hope for the future. Act Two Willy Loman asks his boss, 36-year-old Howard Wagner, for $40 a week. (Recently, Willy has not been making zero dollars on his commission-only salary). Somewhat gently (or, depending on the actors interpretation, perhaps disrespectfully), Howard fires him: Howard: I dont want you to represent us. Ive been meaning to tell you for a long time now.Willy: Howard, are you firing me?Howard: I think you need a good long rest, Willy.Willy: Howard -Howard: And when you feel better, come back, and well see if we can work something out. Willy tells his troubles to his neighbor and friendly rival, Charley. Out of sympathy, he offers Willy a job, but the salesman turns Charley down. Despite this, he still borrows money from Charley -- and has been doing so for quite some time. Meanwhile, Happy and Biff meet at a restaurant, waiting to treat their dad to a steak dinner. Unfortunately, Biff has bad news. Not only did he fail to meet with Bill Oliver, but Biff swiped the mans fountain pen. Apparently, Biff has become a kleptomaniac as a way of rebelling against the cold, corporate world. Willy doesnt want to hear Biffs bad news. His memory drifts back to a tumultuous day: When Biff was a teenager, he discovered that his father was having an affair. Ever since that day, there has been a rift between father and son. Willy wants to find a way for his son to stop hating him. (And hes been considering killing himself just so Biff could do something great with the insurance money.) At home, Biff and Willy shout, shove, and argue. Finally, Biff bursts into tears and kisses his father. Willy is deeply touched, realizing that his son still loves him. Yet, after everyone goes to bed, Willy speeds away in the family car. The playwright explains that the music crashes down in a frenzy of sound symbolizing the car crash and Willys successful suicide. The Requiem This short scene in Death of a Salesman takes place at Willy Lomans grave. Linda wonders why more people didnt attend his funeral. Biff decides that his father had the wrong dream. Happy is still intent on pursuing Willys quest: He had a good dream. Its the only dream you can have -- to come out number-one man. Linda sits on the ground and laments the loss of her husband. She says: Why did you do it? I search and search and search, and I cant understand it, Willy. I made the last payment on the house today. Today, dear. And theyll be nobody home. Biff helps her to her feet, and they leave the grave of Willy Loman.

Definition With Examples of an Entablature

In One Flew Over The Cuckoos Nest, Why Does Chief...

In One Flew Over The Cuckoos Nest, Why Does Chief Bromden trust, befriend and then murder Randle Patrick McMurphy? First published in 1962, One Flew Over The Cuckoos Nest-the book by Ken Kesey- follows the journey of a man named Randle Patrick McMurphy through a North American mental institution in the 1960s. McMurphy is a prisoner who pleaded insanity in order to escape a lengthy prison sentence for statutory rape-which turns out to have been with an underage girl; Whoa. Couldnt make that stick, McMurphy says to the doctor. Girl wouldnt testify. With a child of fifteen. She said she was seventeen Doc, and she was plenty willin. Introduced from the outset as an outspoken, yet amiable rogue, McMurphy†¦show more content†¦Right from the beginning of the story, McMurphy and Nurse Ratched are involved in a power struggle-with Ratched quietly but ferociously determined on breaking McMurphy down and making him fit into her idea of what the ward should be, like re-shaping an odd piece to fit into her jigsaw puzzle; If we just wait a while, our hero will give up his bit. And McMurphy adamant that he will not become subdued and meek like the other patients, and that he will begin to influence how the ward is run. An good example of this desire to overthrow authority is the incident concerning the television on the ward, a scene that is depicted well in the Milos Forman film version of the book: McMurphy campaigns for Nurse Ratched to change the schedule of theShow MoreRelated Narration, Metaphors, Images and Symbols in One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest3029 Words   |  13 Pagesand Symbols in One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest   Ã‚   In 1962, when One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest (the Nest), was published, America was at the start of decade that would be characterized by turmoil. Involvement in Vietnam was increasing, civil rights marches were taking place in the south and a new era of sexual promiscuity and drug use was about to come into full swing. Young Americans formed a subgroup in American society that historians termed the â€Å"counterculture†. The Nest is a product ofRead MoreMccarthyism and the One Flew over the Cuckoo’s Nest2739 Words   |  11 PagesVincent Sham Text amp; Context Prof. Grisafi Final Paper McCarthyism and the One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest In the novel One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest by Ken Kesey, the characters of Nurse Ratched and Bromden Chief both serve as social commentary of the government of the 1950s. Nurse Ratched represents the control and dominance of the government in the 50s, and Bromden Chief represents the oppression of non-white people by the government and McCarthyism. McCarthyism was a tool that was used byRead MoreAnalysis Of One Flew Over The Cuckoo s Nest 1750 Words   |  7 Pagesof Chief Bromden and Holden Caulfield As one is experiencing a life of alienation and loneliness, they may being to act uncontrollable while rebelling against their surroundings, one loses themselves as they feel different than everyone present. Alienation can force an individual to spiral into an abyss of nothingness, nonetheless if one allows others to reach out and inspire than it is possible to break away from the alienation and loneliness. Chief Bromden from the novel One Flew Over theRead MoreEssay about Ken Keseys One Flew Over The Cukoos Nest and the Movie2438 Words   |  10 PagesKen Keseys One Flew Over The Cukoos Nest and the Movie The film version of One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest, produced by Milos Forman, contains many similarities to the novel, however the differences are numerous to the extent that the story, written by Ken Kesey, is overlooked by anyone who only saw the film. Ken Kesey wrote the novel, One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest, after experimenting with drugs and working on a psychiatric ward in 1960 and the novel was published in 1962. â€Å"Kesey became

There is such a thing as universality of human rights that...

There is such a thing as universality of human rights that is different from cultural relativism, humanity comes before culture and traditions. People are humans first and belong to cultures second (Collaway, Harrelson-Stephens, 2007 p.109), this universality needs to take priority over any cultural views, and any state sovereignty over its residing citizens. Prior to WWII any concept of international human rights would not have been able to be Kept. State sovereignty was still the norm leaders around the globe followed when it came to international relations. Of course that all changed after the atrocities committed by the Nazi regime in the Holocaust were exposed to the global community. After what had happen to the Jewish population†¦show more content†¦Even prior to the crimes against humanity that were committed by the Nazis against the Jews, there had already been an alliance formed between them. Regardless of the reasons for the Unites States joining the war, the US did, and they formed alliances with other countries to bring down a growing powerful and radical dictatorship. One can argue that the fact that these nations joined forces is already showing that the interests of the world as a whole and the protection of human rights and progressiveness was more important here than the sovereignty of the German state over its own people. Throughout this essay, I emphasize the alliances and unions among countries that have occurred when violations and crimes against humanity have taken place. Both the alliances and the lack there of, as well as the choices other world leaders have taken to not get involved and more importantly how these choices have impacted the evolution and definition of human rights. The tribunals held after World War II to prosecute the Nazis for crimes against humanity led to the beginning of any formal recognition of human rights. In 1948 the UN general assembly unanimously adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights ( UDHR). This declaration still provides one of the most sweeping guarantees of human rights worldwide, it begins with the recognition that â€Å" the inherent dignity andShow MoreRelatedThe Universal Declaration Of Human Rights1728 Words   |  7 Pagessociety; culture is what binds people together and ties generations from one to the next. It is culture that separates one group of people from another, making them unique from each other and adding variety and beauty to the world. Many nations and peoples cite their traditions and culture as the bedrock of their society. They refer to traditional values as the moral fiber which holds their societies together. Culture is a good thing, when allowed to progress, but can be dangerous if followed blindlyRead MoreLanguage Ideologies933 Words   |  4 Pageslinguistic relativity hypothesis or linguistic relativism (Mignolo, 2000). Linguistic relativism shapes our social world and interactions with others. Anthropologists, for example, arg ue that languages transmit culture and important social values and rules. Mignolo suggests that the history of a people and the history of their language are closely intertwined (2000). If we accept this thinking, then we can view communication and linguistic relativism as social constructs. This means that languagesRead MoreThe New Negro, By Alain Locke1707 Words   |  7 PagesThroughout Alain Locke’s works â€Å"Values and Imperatives,† â€Å"Pluralism and Intellectual Democracy,† â€Å"Cultural Relativism and Ideological Peace,† â€Å"The New Negro,† and â€Å"Harlem,† I found there to be a number of reoccurring themes, such as absolutes, imperatives, values, and relativism and their place in pluralism. I am going to be focusing on all the aforementioned themes and showing how they are all intertwined into the principles of pluralism. What is an absolute? In â€Å"Values and Imperatives,† LockeRead MoreAre Human Rights Universal? Essay1601 Words   |  7 PagesThe doctrine of human rights were created to protect every single human regardless of race, gender, sex, nationality, sexual orientation and other differences. It is based on human dignity and the belief that no one has the right to take this away from another human being. The doctrine states that every ‘man’ has inalienable rights of equality, but is this true? Are human rights universal? Whether human rights are universal has been debated for decades. There have been individuals and even countriesRead MoreHow Different Cultures Have Different Moral Codes1351 Words   |  5 PagesCULTURAL RELATIVISM 1. HOW DIFFERENT CULTURES HAVE DIFFERENT MORAL CODES Ancient Persia was ruled by Darius who had interested in a number of cultures which he came across when he travelled. One apt example of this would be that he found that the Callatians that were a tribe of Indians were involved in consuming the bodies of their dead fathers as a custom. The Greeks on the other hand did not practice that. The Greeks had a practice of cremation and they had the belief that the funeral pyre wasRead MoreProblems with Cultural Relativism in Anthropology2167 Words   |  9 PagesCultural Relativism and Problems Associated with This Approach Cultural anthropology is the study of cultural variation among people. An essential concept that professional anthropologists apply in their fieldworks is - cultural relativism - an approach to study of the nature and role of values in a culture without judgment and comparison to their own. According to the Study Guide, Smillie and Kenny state that major contribution to the study of the concept of cultural relativism can be attributedRead MoreThe Universal Declaration Of Human Rights1396 Words   |  6 Pages The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, (UNDR) was adopted by the United Nations in 1948 with the intention off providing a moral standard for judging an individual state’s treatment of it’s citizens. Yet to this day a debate rages between scholars such as Jack Donnely and Michael Goodhart as to whether the principles expressed within the UNDR are not only universal but actully culturally relative. When drafting the UNDR, the term â€Å"universal† was meant to show that the declaration â€Å"wasRead MoreUtilitarianism And Utilitarianism887 Words   |  4 Pagesand Kantianism have different ways of determining what is ethically good or bad. Utilitarianism proposes that the morality of an action is dependent on the consequences. Furthermore, the effects of one’s actions that are considered in this case are not the neutral ones but those that yield positivity or negativity. Proponents of utilitarianism believe that the main aim of having morality in our society is to increase the amount of good things that people do. These good things have to generate someRead MoreThe Objective Basis of Morality Challenged1611 Words   |  7 Pagesphilosophies; yet there will still always be debatable elements. Two concepts of morality that are in direct opposition of each other are moral objectivism and moral relativism. Moral relativism can be subjective, in which morals are p articular an individuals own beliefs; or, they can be conventional, in which morals are specific to a society and vary from culture to culture. On the other hand, moral objectivism does not leave room for opinions; it reasons that moral judgments are either true or false absolutelyRead MoreMoral Relativism, By James Rachels1965 Words   |  8 Pagesmain points of moral relativism, where he describes the differences within cultures. Philosophers attempt to prove their theories to be true, but it can be complicated because if someone proves one premise false of your argument then the entire argument is invalid. There are different types of relativisms that favor moral relativism, such as, personal belief relativism, societal belief relativism, and then there is the cultural beliefs argument. All of these topics of relativism fall into the same

Chronic Diseases in Aged Care

Question: Discuss about the Chronic Diseases in Aged Care. Answer: Introduction According to a report by World Health Organization (WHO) in 2008, the greatest challenge that the global health care system will face in this twenty-first century is an increasing burden of chronic diseases, especially in aged patients (Bodenheimer, 2010a). Due to modern lifestyles, human beings have been exposed to high-risk factors to chronic illness leading to greater changes in a healthcare system that is trying to accommodate chronic diseases burden using various models (Bodenheimer, 2010a). The World Health Organization elaborates chronic diseases to be having various characteristics but not limited to; they leave residual disabilities, the diseases are normally permanent, majorly caused by pathological alteration that is not reversible, always require special education to the patient so as to promote rehabilitation and normally requires a long period of supervision (Stellefson Stopka,2013). There are twelve major chronic diseases in aged people as listed by the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare that has the greatest impact on the health systems of Australia and most of other same level nations (Wilcox, 2013). These conditions include diabetes, asthma, lung cancer, stroke, heart disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, oral diseases, chronic kidney disease, osteoporosis, coronary heart disease, colorectal cancer, and depression ((Wilcox, 2013). The majorities of the aged people with chronic diseases are basically be managed using corroborative primary care by general medical doctors, nurses, nutritionist and other relevant staffs and also specialized services (Stellefson Stopka, 2013). According to Bodenheimer in the year 2010, more than one hundred million in the United States have a minimum of one chronic condition, half of these people have more than two chronic diseases, about 90% of people with age more than 65 years have one or two chronic diseases and 25% of these had about four chronic illnesses (Alpert, 2016) . Due to these reasons, various studies have been conducted to explain and try providing solutions for proper care of an aged population with chronic diseases (Wilcox, 2013). This study seeks to review three scholarly articles that have been trying to seek solutions pertaining chronic diseases in aged care (Bodenheimer, 2010a). Problem Statement The problem -the study seeks to identify various ways or methods used to deal with chronic diseases in the aged patients by critically reviewing three health articles. Intervention-The study tends to employ systemic review of three evidence-based articles that demonstrate various methods used to take care of aged patients with chronic illnesses by summarizing the evidence, comparing the articles and interpreting the important applications to day by day health care. What are various models used in taking care of chronic conditions and why use these models. Comparison- Most Chronic diseases in aged patients have no permanent treatment. The care and treatment given are for palliative purposes and to prolong life with reduced further complications and risks. Outcome- With the provision of proper evidence, nurses and other health care provider can use the analyzed interventions and solution for proper patient care. Search Strategies The search strategy followed a systematic review of chronic diseases care in aged patients. The following key terms and key area have been used published and online health articles concerning the same; types of chronic diseases, care of chronic diseases in aged patients, methods used in chronic diseases care, chronic diseases care, models, challenges faced during chronic diseases care, prevention measures, risk factors, management case scenarios, possible life span as related to chronic diseases in aged care, chronic condition, long-term care, heart disease, cancer, asthma, kidney disease, arthritis, hypertension, patient education, self-management, chronic care model. All articles not written in English are excluded. Critical Review of Chronic Diseases in Aged Care Improving Primary Care for Patients with Chronic Illness (Thomas Bombheimer) The majority of patient with tobacco addiction, diabetes, hypertensions, depression, asthma, kidney diseases, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and hyperlipidemia are mostly inadequately treated resulting in old age problems and more complications (Bodenheimer, 2010a). A properly designed primary care has been proposed to look if the occurrences of these conditions can be minimized (Jimenez, 2016). Since the chronic disease seems to have less urgency as compared to acute diseases many health care providers are not concerned with the chronic infections under optimal management (Bodenheimer, 2010a). Due to the fact that mostly chronic care is treated as acute care, nurses and doctors normally fail to give adequate patient education regarding patient caring for their own illnesses (Jimenez, 2016). There are always few visits and follow up to ensure compliance is frequently ignored (Jimenez, 2016). Mostly caring for chronic ill patient normally involve passive patients who are not c learly informed and unprepared health care team which end up resulting in more problems at the end (Jimenez, 2016). In 1998, Ed Wagner established and chronic care model as a guide to be used in managing and developing efficient chronic care (Smith, 2014). Chronic care model does not offer an immediate and instant solution rather offers a multidimensional solution to a long term problem (Stellefson Stopka, 2013). Since care of most of the chronic diseases in an aged patient is performed within the primary care settings and nurses spend a significant amount of time with the patient with chronic illnesses, a chronic care model deals with a critical rearrangement of practice that uses intellectual thinking to develop such outcomes that are self-sustaining (Taylor, Bury, 2013). According to chronic care model, the care of chronic diseases in aged patients take place within three-dimensional areas which include the whole community, the health care systems, and provider organization. (Taylor, Bury, 2013) In addition to that, the chronic care model consists of six essential elements which include self -management support, delivery system designs, community policies and resources, healthcare organizations, clinical information systems and decision support (Taylor, Bury, 2013). In terms of community resources and policies, so as to make improvements in chronic care, provider organizations will need a good network link with the community recourses including self-help groups, senior centers, and exercise programs (Taylor, Bury, 2013).Some of the community linkages with hospital include home care that provides case management at home and hospital arrangements to provide patient education classes. These linkages are much helpful to nurses at community-based clinics with fewer resources (Taylor, Bury, 2013) The health care organization includes goals, structure and values and the relationship with insurers, purchasers plus the following components of chronic care model; self-management support, clinical information systems, decision support and delivery system design(Jacobson Cleveland, 2014). The motivation to take care of chronic illness depends on whether the organization leaders view chronic illnesses as one of their priority of car (Jacobson Cleveland, 2014). The environment of an organization has a greater impact on chronic care since the revenues and expenses incurred usually determine whether the program will continue or not. In addition, when insurers and purchasers fail to support the organization, maintenance of chronic care is normally difficult to implement (Jacobson Cleveland, 2014) The major recommended solution for a chronic condition is that patients take responsibilities to take care of themselves (Jacobson Cleveland, 2014). This is due to the fact that patients with chronic illness live with the diseases for a very long time thus they can be taught basic segments of self-care. This includes things like exercises, diet, self-measurement like blood sugar and weight and how to use some medication (Jimenez, 2016).The self-management support involves many corroborative measures so as to help the patient and families gain the required skills so as they can be able to take care of their patient at home with some self-management tools like glucometer (Jimenez, 2016) To implement chronic care model in primary care, the delivery system design must be changed so as a clear division for chronic care is separated from the acute care. Doctors and nurses who take care of acute problems should develop a team to deliver services to chronic patients when a diagnose for a chronic condition is made (Jimenez, 2016)The family members are trained by the chronic care team to take care of the patient at home and also routine visits arrangements are planned and schedule (Jacobson Cleveland, 2014). To make a comprehensive clinical decision, it is important to use evidence-based clinical practice guidelines so as to provide the basic standards for the quality care of chronic illnesses and should be also be integrated into day to day planned reminders and updates or continues medical education (Jacobson Cleveland, 2014) .The doctor and chief nurse reinforce other nursed in decision making when a problem arises by providing a clear guideline in care (Jacobson Cleveland, 2014). Lastly, regarding the clinical information systems, the computer systems have three major roles. These roles include acting as reminder systems so as to help the primary care follow the clinical guidelines, as a feedback to show how the patients are performing and to provide data for future planning (Jacobson Cleveland, 2014). Managing Chronic Diseases in Rural Aged Care Facilities using Point-of-Care Testing Systems( Khalil H and Halls H) The point of Care Testing (POCT) involves both patient consultations and pathology testing that is normally dined in a rural clinical setting outside the laboratory (Brown, 2013). In terms of chronic diseases in aged cases, POCT has numerous advantages that help to design proper clinical management pathways. It is convenient to perform POCT using small portable medical devices where the test can bring result in a very short time generally ten minutes (Brown, 2013). Due to rapid results obtained, it is easy to make clinical decisions and support health status of a patient. Aged care nurses are trained to performed POCT tests that generally require a finger -prick blood sample other than whole blood collection as most tests are done(Brown, 2013).. In Australia, there is a good evidence base practice that the use of POCT has enhanced and promoted the health care delivery especially in patients with chronic diseases like diabetes mellitus (Khalil, 2012) .The POCT has facilitated strong community engagements in country hospitals and in the remote rural health centers. For example the Quality Assurance for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Medical Services (QAAMS) which is one of the biggest POCT program funded by the Government of Australia for the last two decades has shown to be effective in taking care of aged patients in the rural communities where control of glycemic levels in diabetic patients has demonstrated a significant improvement (Khalil, 2012). The Australian government recent POCT has focused on caring and treatment of chronic conditions where about 5000 patients spread relatively equally in 53 general practices as trials across the country (Alpert, 2016). These trials were used to test the following; Urine ACR, INR, HbA1c, and lipids. Based on the results from the trials, urine ACR, HbA1c, total cholesterol and triglycerides shows that chronically ill patient can use this test at home for monitoring but HDL cholesterol and INR should be performed at larger improved health care facilities (Khalil, 2012). The immediate results that are provided by POCT were also associated with chronic ill patient adherence and compliance with the treatment as compared to taking them to hospital laboratory time to time (Khalil, 2012). From the POCT programs, it is evidenced that the program model in caring for aged patients with chronic diseases is a success in both urban and in rural communities particular in Australia (Brown, 2013). However, a critical analysis in terms of cost and mode of delivery would be needed before implementing the PCT since the Medicare rebates are currently not available for POCT in aged care facilities (Brown, 2013). The implementation of POCT in Australia will need the following major keys to success in management of chronic diseases in aged patients; the aged care nurses should be trained so as to make them competent in performing POCT in aged care facilities and at homes, there should be a way to ensure that POCT performed is the correct standard and produce the same results as in the pathology laboratory and all POCTs done should be electronically captured and send to a central data to keep information for improvement and national planning (Smith, 2014) One of the major challenges of care or the elderly patients in Australia is due to the fact that there is a huge shortage of doctors and nurses available to take care of the increasing number of aged patients (Brown, 2013). If POCT were to be practiced, the general doctor would just be monitoring and guiding the advancement since the test is immediate and can be done by nurses (Brown, 2013). This would make the patients benefit due to prompt treatment as the POCT to save time and minimize delay. Patient Self-management of Chronic Diseases in Primary Care( American Medical Association) All patients suffering from chronic conditions self-manage their diseases. This is the fact that aged chronically ill patient cannot escape (Bodenheimer, 2010b). Each and every day the patient is responsible for their diet, exercises and to what extent he or she is going to take certain drugs. No matter how the healthcare professions do or say, the patients are in control of their self-management. The most important thing is how they do it after leaving the clinic (Bodenheimer,2010b). In traditional practice, the doctors and nurses were perceived as the overall decision makers with patients who are ill participated very little in making decisions concerning their illness (Bodenheimer, 2010b). However, due to emerging models patients with chronic diseases are the key decision makers of their own illnesses with doctors and nurses just giving support (Smith, 2014). This partnership embraces two major components which are similar but also separable. This includes the self-management education and the collaborative care (Bodenheimer, 2010b). The collaborative care involves patient and the health care team doing the decision together and the self-management education involves the patient being enforced by skills and health information so that they can be able to make proper decisions concerning their health (Smith, 2014). The collaborative care credits patient with the same expertise as similar to the doctors. The paradigm suggests that the doctors and health care team have the skills and knowledge to deal with the diseases the patients are having (Jacobson Cleveland, 2014). On the other side the patients have knowledge and skills on how to deal with their own lives, that is, the patients knows more what they need in their lives than health care team (Jacobson Cleveland, 2014). When the healthcare providers view themselves as the experts the health care delivery will remain to be frustrated since there will be no one to help the patient behave as the way of the expertise (Jacobson Cleveland, 2014). This mode of care insists that it is the responsibility of the healthcare team to encourage the chronically ill patients to solve their own problems but not giving order as such have been evidenced to promote non-adherence and compliance (Alpert, 2016). The model suggests that the internal motivation of aged patients is more applicable that the external motivation that insists it is better for patient and nurses to build each other with ideas for a better outcome (Alpert, 2016). The traditional care involves the health care providers blaming the patients for their shortcomings like being noncompliant with the medication. However, the collaborative care the health care has to accept the validity of patients problems and such things like adherence and non-compliant are not applicable (Jacobson Cleveland, 2014). Traditional patient education impacts disease specific information like diet, exercises, causing agents and prevention measures but in self-management education, chronically ill patient are empowered with skills to manage themselves (Jacobson Cleveland, 2014). The self-management education offers problem-solving skills, allows the patient to propose the required set of actions complements the patients and help the patient to identify their own problems (Alpert, 2016). Evidenced Strengths and Limitations The author in improving primary care for patients with chronic illness, Thomas Bombheimer have demonstrated that chronic care model has a lot of benefits when it comes to caring for aged patients with chronic diseases(Smith, 2014) . Chronic care model provides of six essential elements which include self-management support, delivery system designs, community policies and resources, healthcare organizations, clinical information systems and decision support (Smith, 2014). Those six elements provide a clear guideline for the proper care of aged patients with chronic illnesses. However , implementation of these elements is the problem. Thomas argues that the for the organizational provider to implement chronic care model, it must have enough recourses. If insurers and purchasers fail to provide enough financial support, the model will end up failing or taking too long to be fully functional (Kiechle, 2012). Halls and Khalil have demonstrated that the point of care testing is another way to improve taking care of patients with chronic diseases such as diabetes (Brown, 2013). The authors argue that POCT can be used to make work easier in rural areas thus helping in follow up and easy treatment (Kiechle, 2012). The POCT saves time by providing prompt laboratory results and can be used at home and aged care facilities (Brown, 2013). However, the implementation of POCT will require further research in terms of the cost incurred and also further training of nurses will be needed(Brown, 2013). The American Doctors Association have shown that the collaborative care and self-management education can be the saving option when it comes to dealing with patients with chronic illnesses (Bodenheimer,2010b). The evidence shows that patient that understand their illnesses and are empowered with enough skill have the capability of adhering to medication and treatment plus possibly reducing the complications that may arise ( Pulvirenti, et al., 2012). However, self-management care is difficult to be applied to patients with mental problems like depression since they have an imbalance thought process (Bodenheimer, 2010b). Application of the Evidence to Health Profession In improving the chronic diseases in aged, the evidence shows that it requires a multidimensional support. Nurses will be using the chronic care model to address the multi-factional nature of chronic problems (Wilcox, 2013). This will help in successful interventions of chronic diseases that require a complex set of actions in terms of addressing the psychological, lifestyle and physical problems of aged chronically ill patients. Furthermore, the model will help in making policies in the country that are long term and helping ( Pulvirenti, et al., 2012) The point of care testing is a good program that health care professions will be using in rural areas especially when there is a shortage of nurses and doctors to make an easy diagnosis and help in managing the patient progress (Brown, 2013). The POCT can also be used to manage lifestyles and medical problems (Kiechle, 2012). POCT in aged care facilities will enable the care of the health care providers to be able to predict the outcomes due to the availability of prompt results (Kiechle, 2012). The self-management model in health profession will enable the patients with chronic infections to make such decisions that will lead to the betterment of care (Smith, 2014). Chronic ill patients will have a mandate when it comes to decision making thus promoting adherence and compliance to medications and treatment (Smith, 2014). This will also reduce the cost of treatment as the patients will have more knowledge and skills to take care of them and come to the hospital for consultation only (Alpert, 2016). References Wilcox, L. (2013). Ten Years of Preventing Chronic Disease.Preventing Chronic Disease,10 Alpert, P. (2016). Self-Management Techniques to Improve Chronic Diseases, Home Health Care Management Practice,28(3), 184-186. Kiechle, F. (2012). Point-of-Care Testing.Point Of Care: The Journal Of Near-Patient Testing Technology,7(3), 97-99. Pulvirenti, M., McMillan, J., Lawn, S. (2012). Empowerment, patient centered care and self- management.Health Expectations,17(3), 303-310. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1369-7625.2011.00757.x Hunter, B., Neiger, B., West, J. (2013). The importance of addressing social determinants of health at the local level: the case for social capital.Health Social Care in the Community,19(5), 522-530. doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2524.2011.00999. Jackson, G. Weinberger, M. (2012).A Decade with the Chronic Care Model.Medical Care,47(9), 929-931. Jimenez, X. (2016). Attachment in medical care: A review of the interpersonal model of chronic disease management.Chronic Illness, 17(4) 239-53.doi.org/10.1177/1742395316653454 Khalil, H. (2012). Diabetes management in Australian rural aged care facilities: A cross- sectional audit.Australasian Medical Journal,5(10), 5767 580.doi.org/10.4066/amj.2012.1411 Bodenheimer, T. (2010a). Improving Primary Care for Patients With Chronic Illness.JAMA,288(14), 1775.doi.org/10.1001/jama.288.14.1775 BodenheimerT. (2010b).Patient Self-management of Chronic Disease in Primary Care.JAMA,288(19), 2469. doi.org/10.1001/jama.288.19.2469 Brown, I. (2013). Managing Point-of-Care TestingManual Versus Automated Tests and Processes: The Journal of Near-Patient Testing Technology,12(2), 64-66. Smith, H. (2014). Chronic illness and disability, Primary Health Care,24(10), 13-13 Taylor, D. Bury, M. (2013). Chronic illness, expert patients, and care transition.Sociology of Health Illness,29(1), 27-45. Zimbudzi, E., Lo, C., Misso, M., Ranasinha, S., Zoungas, S. (2015). The effectiveness of management models for facilitating self-management and patient outcomes in adults with diabetes and chronic kidney disease.Systematic Reviews,4(1).72-84 doi:10.1186/s13643-015-00 Coleman, K., Austin, B., Brach, C., Wagner, E. (2012) Evidence on the chronic care model in the new millennium.Health Affairs,28(1), 75-85. doi:10.1377/hlthaff.28.1.7 Ryan, P. Swain, K. (2013). The individual and family self-management theory: Background and perspectives on context, process, and outcomes.Nursing Outlook,57(4) Jacobson, D. Gance-Cleveland, B. (2014). A systematic review of primary healthcare provider education and training using the Chronic Care Model for Childhood Obesity.Obesity Reviews,12(5), 244-256.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-789x.2010.00789.x Stellefson, M., Dipnarine, K., Stopka, C. (2013). 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Social context of the poems Essay Example For Students

Social context of the poems Essay Choose two or more poems, which deal with childhood experiences. Show how they are successful in expressing their chosen theme. Comment particularly on writers techniques, as well as the social context of the poems. I have chosen to compare the poems Hide and Seek by Vernon Scannell and Leaving School by Hugo Williams. Both Hide and Seek and Leaving School are very alike in the sense that their themes concentrate on childhood experiences and the main characters are eventually overcome with feelings of realisation. Vernon Scannell and Hugo Williams use some similar writing techniques to convey their chosen themes. Brief sentences are used in both poems to give a feeling of urgency. In Hide and Seek, the boy gives himself several sets of commands. Using short snappy sentences he tells himself Dont breathe, Dont move, Stay dumb. Sentences like these are often used to boost the pace of the poem, making it increasingly rapid, creating a sense of seriousness which then engages the readers attention. Shorter sentences are also used to stand out in the middle of lots of enjambment. Just a simple sentences like, They had the Beacon Series stands out more than any other sentence in the second stanza of Leaving School, as it is very concise making it even more effective. Unlike Leaving School, Hide and Seek is made up of mostly shorter sentences, which may add to the suspense of the poem and at times, slowing down the pace. Leaving School however is mostly made up of enjambment, which keeps the boys thoughts flowing and adds to the conversational tone. This is more like an account than a poem. In both poems, the boys started off with high expectations. The boy in Leaving School was young and nai ve, he thought that going to boarding school was almost like a game; he thought it was going to be fun. Similarly in Hide and seek the boy thought that that it was just an innocent game that he was involved in and a game that he thought he was winning. He lacked the emotional sophistication to realise that he was being tricked. He is blind to the reality of the situation and comments that he had never heard them sound so hushed before but fails to realise that they are hushed because they have actually found him and plan to leave him there. The sense of euphoria in the boy, when he shouts Ive won is contrasted with the silence that he encounters when he comes out of the shed at the end of the poem. Both children were subsequently to experience alienation and a degree of trauma. Hide and Seek is about a young boy playing a game of hide and seek with what he thinks are his friends. He is hiding in a tool shed in a garden. He knows that the other children will try the lane and then the greenhouse to find him, which suggests the boy lives in the area, as he is familiar with the surroundings. In Leaving School the boy is very unfamiliar with his surroundings. He was found by The headmasters wife walking around upstairs, which suggests that he was unable to find his own way around. The environment he is living in has very rigid rules unlike the rules of a game like hide and seek.